Page 45,000 of a table with OFFSET took 134 ms; the same page by keyset took 0.27 ms. An exact count of a million rows took 103 ms against 0.12 ms for the planner's estimate. Five full-table updates grew a table from 15 MB to 92 MB, and VACUUM didn't give any of it back.
OFFSET
Keyset (WHERE id > last)
Fetching 20 rows at increasing depth in a 1 million row table, median (log scale). Our measurements, November 2026.
The full report covers counting, large ANY() lists, and the update bloat test: sizes after each step, what VACUUM and VACUUM FULL each did, and how long they took.
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As of November 9, 2026. Provided as is, for general information, and accurate to the best of our knowledge on the date shown. Not legal, compliance, tax, financial or other professional advice. Prices, limits and vendor services change; check current vendor documentation before relying on anything here. Terms of use.